Immunotherapy
Pembrolizumab
Releases an immune brakeImmune cell→Brake blocked→Cancer cell
PD-1 is a control switch on T cells, a type of immune cell. When it connects with PD-L1 or PD-L2, the T cell receives a signal to reduce its activity. Some cancers use this pathway to escape immune attack. Pembrolizumab is an antibody that blocks PD-1, helping T cells recognise and attack the cancer. It does not directly poison cancer cells like chemotherapy. Releasing this brake can also allow immune cells to attack healthy organs, which explains the different side-effect pattern and why symptoms can appear after treatment stops.
The immune system can also inflame healthy organs. New cough, diarrhoea, unusual weakness, severe headache, thirst or a spreading rash need prompt advice. Effects can start during treatment or after it finishes.
Platinum chemotherapy
Carboplatin
Damages DNA inside cellsPlatinum enters cell→DNA links form→Copying is disrupted
Carboplatin creates links in DNA, making it harder for cells to copy and repair their genetic instructions. Its dose depends on kidney function as well as the intended regimen.
Keep blood-test appointments. Fever, unusual bleeding, repeated vomiting or infusion symptoms need prompt advice.
Taxane chemotherapy
Paclitaxel
Locks the cell division machineryMicrotubules form→Structures remain locked→Division is interrupted
Cells use tiny structures called microtubules to separate their chromosomes when dividing. Paclitaxel stabilises these structures so they cannot rearrange normally, interrupting cell division. It can also affect nerves and other healthy tissues.
Report tingling or numbness before the next weekly dose, especially if it affects walking or hand use. Tell the nurse immediately about flushing, chest or throat tightness, itching, dizziness or breathing changes during infusion.
Anthracycline chemotherapy
Doxorubicin
Interferes with DNA handlingDNA handling disrupted→Cell damage→Division reduced
Doxorubicin interferes with enzymes and DNA processes needed for cell division. It can also affect heart muscle, so the team considers previous exposure and cardiac risk.
Report pain or burning at the infusion site immediately. New breathlessness or chest symptoms need prompt review. Red urine for a short time can be a drug-colour effect; pain, clots or persistent bleeding still need advice.
Alkylating chemotherapy
Cyclophosphamide
Damages DNA needed for growthDrug activated→DNA damage→Cell division affected
Cyclophosphamide is activated in the body and damages DNA. This helps stop dividing cancer cells but can also affect blood-cell production and reproductive tissues.
Use the prescribed anti-sickness and hydration plan. Report fever, painful urination or blood in the urine.